Hypertension
Hypertension or high blood pressure is a condition where the pressure exerted by blood in arteries is constantly high. The value of normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg in a human adult. It is measured in two values as Systolic & Diastolic pressure . As per WHO a person will be diagnosed as hypertensive if having sysytolic 140 mmHg & diastolic pressure 90 mmHg or more higher values at two consecutive days. In 2023 WHO Global report revealed that number of hypertensive adults increased from 650 million to 1.3 billion nearly doubled worldwide over the past few decades.
Worldwide, nearly 1 out of every 3 adults are hypertensive, with slightly more male prevalence than female below the age group of 50 years. After the age of 50 years, the prevalence is almost 49%, or 1 out of every 2 persons.
Diagnosis
Hypertension can be measured by conventional apparatus, sphygmomanometer (also known as blood pressure cuff) with accuracy and Digital monitors that are more convenient to use.
Causes of Hypertension
Exact reason of Primary hypertension is not clear, however some following factors are considered to increase it
Genetics; Blood pressure tendecy seems to high with family history
Age; risk of hypertension increases with age.
Obesity; About 70-80% obese people suffer with hypertension
A diet high in saturated fat and trans fats
High-salt diet
Drinking alcohol
Lifestyle; Poor diet, lack of physical activity, smoking ( tobacco) may lead to high blood pressure.
Secondary hypertension may arise from many severe medical conditions like chronic Kidney disease, use of certain birth control pills, Hyperthyroidism etc
Symptoms of Hypertension
Normally no specific symptoms appear, however some of mentioned below symptoms appear in some individuals
Headache
nausea
Vomiting
Fatigue
Anxiety
Dizziness
Difficulty in breathing
blurred vision or change in vision
Anyone can check blood pressure with digital device at home, however if any of these symptoms appear, need to consult a health professional immediately.
Treatment
Treatment for hypertension usually includes lifestyle modification and, in some instances, medication. Major strategies are:
Diet: Following a heart-healthy diet, like the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, which focuses on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy.
Physical Activity: Daily exercise may reduce blood pressure and keep weight healthy.
Weight control: Even the loss of a few pounds will lower blood pressure.
Alcohol and Tobacco Control: Lower alcohol consumption and not smoking can also increase general well-being.
Medication: In case lifestyle modifications are not adequate, physicians can prescribe medications to regulate blood pressure. Thiazide Diuretics, Calcium Channel Blockers, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors can be used as first line protocol.
Calcium channel blockers: control blood pressure by reducing the influxe of calcium entering heart muscles e.g. Amlodipine, Nifedipine etc
Diuretics: like Frusemide ( oral & IV) by Increased urination reduces the sodium and fluid concentration leading to low blood pressure.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: causes vasodilation & hence reduces Hypertension e.g. Enalapril, Captopril
Beta blockers: By blocking Beta receptors, decrease heart rate & ultimately lowers the blood pressure. e.g. Atenolol, Propranolol
Conclusion
It is a critical health condition that needs to be addressed and managed. Its causes, symptoms, and risk factors that can be understood, and necessary precautions can be taken to maintain blood pressure. Regular checkup and consultation with medical practitioners are the keys for proper management and prevention of complications arising from hypertension.